Understanding 周りは ... 囲まれている Grammar Meaning And Usage

In this article, we will delve into the intricacies of the Japanese grammar construct “周りは ... 囲まれている” (mawari wa ... kakomareteiru). This expression is commonly used to describe a state of being surrounded by something, and understanding its nuances is crucial for mastering Japanese grammar and comprehension. We will break down the components of this phrase, explore its various applications, and provide examples to illustrate its usage. Specifically, we will address the example sentence: “周りは鉄やガラスでできた高層ビルに囲まれているのに東京駅だけは割と低層でレンガでできているじゃないですか” (mawari wa tetsu ya garasu de dekita kousou biru ni kakomareteiru noni toukyou eki dake wa wari to tei-sou de renga de dekiteiru ja nai desu ka), which translates to “Even though it’s surrounded by tall buildings made of iron and glass, Tokyo Station is the only (building) which is relatively low-rise and made of brick, isn't it?” This sentence provides a perfect context for understanding the grammar in action.

Breaking Down 周りは ... 囲まれている

To fully grasp the meaning and usage of “周りは ... 囲まれている”, let's break it down into its constituent parts. This will allow us to understand each element's role and how they combine to form the overall meaning. By analyzing the components, we can build a solid foundation for understanding this grammatical structure.

周り (mawari)

The word 周り (mawari) means "surroundings," "vicinity," or "perimeter." It refers to the area or space that is around a particular object or place. In the given context, “周りは” (mawari wa) acts as the topic of the sentence, indicating that we are talking about the surroundings. Understanding this basic meaning is the first step in comprehending the broader structure. 周り sets the stage for the description that follows, highlighting the environment in question. For example, if you were describing a house, “周り” would refer to the area immediately outside the house.

は (wa)

は (wa) is a topic marker particle in Japanese. It doesn't have a direct English equivalent, but its function is to indicate the topic of the sentence. In this case, “周りは” (mawari wa) signifies that the surroundings are the topic of discussion. This particle is crucial for structuring Japanese sentences and guiding the listener's focus. By using は, the speaker signals that the rest of the sentence will provide information about the topic, which in this case is the surroundings.

囲まれている (kakomareteiru)

囲まれている (kakomareteiru) is the passive form of the verb 囲む (kakomu), which means "to surround," "to enclose," or "to encircle." The passive form “囲まれている” thus means "is surrounded" or "is enclosed.” This is the core verb that describes the state of being surrounded. The use of the passive voice is significant here, as it emphasizes that the subject (in this case, the surroundings) is acted upon rather than acting. The ている (teiru) form indicates a continuous state, meaning the surroundings are in a state of being surrounded.

Deconstructing 囲む (kakomu)

To further understand “囲まれている”, let's break down the verb 囲む (kakomu) into its root. “囲む” is a transitive verb, meaning it requires a direct object. For example, you might say “壁で囲む” (kabe de kakomu), meaning “to surround with a wall.” The action of surrounding is done to something. When this verb is put into its passive form, it indicates that the subject is on the receiving end of this action. The transformation to “囲まれている” adds the nuance of being in a state of being surrounded.

The Passive Form

The passive form in Japanese is often used to describe situations where the subject is affected by an action. In the case of “囲まれている”, it’s not that the surroundings are actively surrounding something, but rather that something is surrounding the topic. This passive construction is vital for understanding the relationship between the subject and the action being described. The passive form can also imply a sense of being acted upon, which can add depth to the meaning.

The Significance of ている (teiru)

The ている (teiru) form in Japanese has several functions, but in this context, it indicates a continuous state. When attached to “囲まれて” (kakomarete), it transforms the phrase into “囲まれている” (kakomareteiru), which means “is being surrounded” or “is in a state of being surrounded.” This implies that the surroundings are not just momentarily enclosed, but are continuously so. This continuous aspect adds a sense of permanence or ongoing condition to the description.

Analyzing the Example Sentence

Now, let's apply our understanding of “周りは ... 囲まれている” to the example sentence: “周りは鉄やガラスでできた高層ビルに囲まれているのに東京駅だけは割と低層でレンガでできているじゃないですか”. By dissecting the sentence, we can see how each component contributes to the overall meaning and context.

Contextual Overview

The sentence describes the contrast between Tokyo Station and its surroundings. While the surrounding area is characterized by modern, tall buildings made of iron and glass, Tokyo Station stands out as a relatively low-rise structure made of brick. This contrast is a key element of the sentence, highlighting the unique architectural character of Tokyo Station amidst its contemporary environment. The sentence also subtly expresses a sense of surprise or admiration for this contrast, which is conveyed through the final phrase “じゃないですか” (ja nai desu ka).

Detailed Breakdown

• “周りは鉄やガラスでできた高層ビルに囲まれているのに” (mawari wa tetsu ya garasu de dekita kousou biru ni kakomareteiru noni): This part of the sentence sets the scene by describing the surroundings. “周りは” (mawari wa) indicates that the surroundings are the topic. “鉄やガラスでできた高層ビルに囲まれている” (tetsu ya garasu de dekita kousou biru ni kakomareteiru) means “is surrounded by tall buildings made of iron and glass.” The phrase “のに” (noni) introduces a sense of contrast or concession, which is crucial for understanding the relationship between the two parts of the sentence.

  • 鉄やガラスでできた (tetsu ya garasu de dekita): This phrase means “made of iron and glass.” It specifies the materials used in the construction of the surrounding buildings, emphasizing their modern and industrial nature.
  • 高層ビルに (kousou biru ni): This translates to “tall buildings.” The term 高層ビル (kousou biru) is a common Japanese word for skyscrapers or high-rise buildings.
  • 囲まれているのに (kakomareteiru noni): As discussed earlier, “囲まれている” means “is surrounded.” The addition of “のに” (noni) at the end creates a contrast, similar to “even though” or “despite.”

• “東京駅だけは割と低層でレンガでできているじゃないですか” (toukyou eki dake wa wari to tei-sou de renga de dekiteiru ja nai desu ka): This part of the sentence describes Tokyo Station as a contrasting element. “東京駅だけは” (toukyou eki dake wa) means “only Tokyo Station.” “割と低層でレンガでできている” (wari to tei-sou de renga de dekiteiru) means “is relatively low-rise and made of brick.” The final “じゃないですか” (ja nai desu ka) is a tag question that seeks agreement or confirmation, adding a conversational tone to the sentence.

  • 東京駅だけは (toukyou eki dake wa): This phrase specifies that the focus is on Tokyo Station, and the “だけは” (dake wa) emphasizes its uniqueness or exclusivity.
  • 割と低層で (wari to tei-sou de): This means “relatively low-rise.” The term 割と (wari to) means “relatively” or “quite,” and 低層 (tei-sou) means “low-rise.”
  • レンガでできている (renga de dekiteiru): This translates to “is made of brick.” This contrasts sharply with the iron and glass of the surrounding buildings, highlighting the station's traditional construction.
  • じゃないですか (ja nai desu ka): This is a tag question that adds a sense of confirmation-seeking or rhetorical questioning. It can be translated as “isn’t it?” or “don’t you think?”

Synthesizing the Meaning

When combined, these elements paint a vivid picture: The area around Tokyo Station is filled with modern skyscrapers made of iron and glass, yet Tokyo Station itself is a relatively short, brick building. This juxtaposition is not just a description but an observation that carries a sense of wonder or surprise. The use of “のに” (noni) and “じゃないですか” (ja nai desu ka) enhances this emotional context, making the sentence more engaging and relatable.

Usage and Applications of 周りは ... 囲まれている

The grammar structure “周りは ... 囲まれている” is versatile and can be used in various contexts to describe different types of surroundings. It is particularly useful for depicting spatial relationships and creating vivid imagery. Understanding its applications can significantly enhance your descriptive abilities in Japanese.

Describing Physical Environments

One of the most common uses of “周りは ... 囲まれている” is to describe physical environments. This can range from urban landscapes to natural settings. The structure allows you to paint a detailed picture of what surrounds a particular place or object. Here are some examples:

• Example 1: “私の家は木に囲まれています” (watashi no ie wa ki ni kakomareteimasu) – “My house is surrounded by trees.” This sentence evokes a sense of nature and tranquility, emphasizing the presence of trees around the house.
• Example 2: “その都市は高い山に囲まれている” (sono toshi wa takai yama ni kakomareteiru) – “That city is surrounded by high mountains.” This example illustrates how the structure can be used to describe geographical features.
• Example 3: “この公園は建物に囲まれている” (kono kouen wa tatemono ni kakomareteiru) – “This park is surrounded by buildings.” This sentence provides a sense of the park's urban context, highlighting its location amidst city structures.

Describing Abstract Environments

While often used for physical surroundings, “周りは ... 囲まれている” can also be used in a more abstract sense to describe non-physical environments or situations. This adds a layer of depth and nuance to the language, allowing for more complex expressions. Consider the following examples:

• Example 1: “彼は秘密に囲まれている” (kare wa himitsu ni kakomareteiru) – “He is surrounded by secrets.” This sentence implies a sense of mystery and hidden information surrounding the person.
• Example 2: “彼女は愛に囲まれている” (kanojo wa ai ni kakomareteiru) – “She is surrounded by love.” This example conveys a feeling of warmth and affection, suggesting that the person is in a loving environment.
• Example 3: “このプロジェクトは多くの問題に囲まれている” (kono purojekuto wa ooku no mondai ni kakomareteiru) – “This project is surrounded by many problems.” This sentence illustrates the challenges and difficulties associated with the project.

Emphasizing Contrasts

As seen in the original example sentence about Tokyo Station, “周りは ... 囲まれている” is particularly effective for emphasizing contrasts. By highlighting what surrounds a particular subject, you can draw attention to its unique characteristics or differences. This is a powerful way to create vivid comparisons and make your descriptions more engaging.

• Example 1: “その古い家は新しい建物に囲まれている” (sono furui ie wa atarashii tatemono ni kakomareteiru) – “That old house is surrounded by new buildings.” This sentence emphasizes the contrast between the old house and the modern buildings around it.
• Example 2: “静かな村は大都市に囲まれている” (shizuka na mura wa dai-toshi ni kakomareteiru) – “The quiet village is surrounded by a big city.” This example highlights the contrast between the peaceful village and the bustling city.
• Example 3: “その美術館は公園に囲まれている” (sono bijutsukan wa kouen ni kakomareteiru) – “That museum is surrounded by a park.” This sentence draws a contrast between the cultural space of the museum and the natural environment of the park.

Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them

When using “周りは ... 囲まれている”, there are several common mistakes that learners often make. Being aware of these pitfalls can help you avoid them and use the structure correctly. By understanding the common errors, you can refine your Japanese grammar skills and communicate more effectively.

Incorrect Particle Usage

One common mistake is using the wrong particle. Remember that “は” (wa) is the topic marker, indicating what the sentence is about. The surrounding elements should be marked with the particle “に” (ni), which indicates the direction or target of the action. For example, “周りはビルに囲まれている” (mawari wa biru ni kakomareteiru) is correct, while “周りはビルを囲まれている” (mawari wa biru o kakomareteiru) is incorrect because it uses the direct object marker “を” (o) instead of “に” (ni).

Misunderstanding the Passive Voice

Another mistake is not fully grasping the passive voice. “囲まれている” (kakomareteiru) is the passive form, meaning the subject is being acted upon. If you use the active form, such as “囲んでいる” (kakondeiru), the meaning changes to “is surrounding,” which is the opposite of what you intend to say. Ensure you use the passive form to accurately convey the sense of being surrounded.

Overusing the Structure

While “周りは ... 囲まれている” is a useful structure, overusing it can make your language sound repetitive. It’s important to vary your sentence structures and use synonyms or alternative expressions when appropriate. For example, instead of always saying “周りは ... 囲まれている”, you could use phrases like “～に囲まれた” (~ ni kakomareta) or “～に囲まれた場所” (~ ni kakomareta basho) to add variety to your descriptions.

Confusing with Similar Expressions

There are other Japanese expressions that convey a similar meaning to “周りは ... 囲まれている”, such as “～に囲まれた” (~ ni kakomareta) or “～に取り囲まれている” (~ ni torikakomareteiru). While these expressions are similar, they have slightly different nuances. For example, “～に取り囲まれている” (~ ni torikakomareteiru) often implies a more intense or overwhelming sense of being surrounded. Understanding these nuances can help you choose the most appropriate expression for your intended meaning.

Alternative Expressions and Synonyms

To enhance your Japanese language skills, it's beneficial to learn alternative expressions and synonyms for “周りは ... 囲まれている”. This not only adds variety to your language but also allows you to express subtle differences in meaning. By expanding your vocabulary and grammatical repertoire, you can communicate more precisely and effectively.

～に囲まれた (~ ni kakomareta)

This expression uses the past passive form “囲まれた” (kakomareta) as an adjective to describe something that is surrounded. It is a versatile alternative that can be used in many contexts. For example:

• “木に囲まれた家” (ki ni kakomareta ie) – “A house surrounded by trees”
• “山に囲まれた村” (yama ni kakomareta mura) – “A village surrounded by mountains”

～に取り囲まれている (~ ni torikakomareteiru)

This expression uses the verb “取り囲む” (torikakomu), which means “to surround” or “to besiege.” It often implies a more intense or overwhelming sense of being surrounded. For example:

• “報道陣に取り囲まれている” (hōdōjin ni torikakomareteiru) – “Surrounded by reporters”
• “敵に取り囲まれている” (teki ni torikakomareteiru) – “Surrounded by enemies”

～に囲繞されている (~ ni inyō sa rete iru)

This is a more formal and literary expression that uses the verb “囲繞する” (inyō suru), which means “to surround” or “to encircle.” It is often used in written Japanese and formal speeches. For example:

• “緑に囲繞されている” (midori ni inyō sa rete iru) – “Surrounded by greenery”

Using Descriptive Adjectives

Instead of using a specific grammatical structure, you can also use descriptive adjectives to convey the sense of being surrounded. This approach allows for more flexibility in your sentence construction. For example:

• “緑が多い場所” (midori ga ōi basho) – “A place with a lot of greenery” (implying it is surrounded by nature)
• “静かな環境” (shizuka na kankyō) – “A quiet environment” (implying it is isolated from noise and activity)

Conclusion

In conclusion, mastering the grammar and meaning of “周りは ... 囲まれている” is essential for understanding and expressing spatial relationships in Japanese. By breaking down the components of the phrase, analyzing example sentences, and exploring its various applications, we have gained a comprehensive understanding of this useful grammatical structure. Remember to avoid common mistakes and to use alternative expressions to enhance your language skills. The example of Tokyo Station being surrounded by modern skyscrapers while retaining its historical brick facade perfectly illustrates the power of this structure to convey contrasts and create vivid descriptions. With practice and attention to detail, you can confidently use “周りは ... 囲まれている” in your own Japanese conversations and writing.